A preliminary study of the effect of 3D printing orientation on mechanical properties and fracture of samples made from AlSi10Mg

Abstract

The significant advancement in additive technologies has made it possible to manufacture metal components in diverse shapes and sizes. Despite this progress, numerous processes and phenomena, along with the implications of producing components layer by layer on their performance under stress, remain inadequately explored. These factors not only affect microstructure but subsequently also the mechanical properties. The positioning of objects within the 3D printer’s workspace can thus significantly play a crucial role in their operational functionality, reliability, and safety of the equipment in an application. This article studies anisotropic properties and the influence of the printing orientation of aluminum alloy (AlSi10Mg) cylindrical tensile samples fabricated through an additive approach on their mechanical properties under tensile loading. Tensile testing of specimens covering seven different spatial orientations in the workspace of a 3D printing machine was performed according to ISO 6892-1 international standard. Minimum and maximum tensile properties (yield and ultimate tensile strength) have been observed in Y-sample and X-sample series, respectively. In contrast, elastic modulus of the 3D printed specimens was minimal for X-sample series, and maximal for Y-sample series. Fracture surfaces of the samples in seven basic spatial orientations were evaluated in synergy with the mechanical testing results determined by optical, electron microscopy, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) textural analysis to find correlation between the strength of the samples and the orientation of grains, their size and morphology. Furthermore, thermodynamic and Scheil–Gulliver simulation has been employed in order to explain the formation of intermetallic phases during additive manufacturing and further justifying observations in microstructure and mechanical properties. The disparity in texture intensity between these regions for samples Y(3) is likely responsible for localized mechanical incompatibilities and strain heterogeneity, resulting in preferential crack paths and reduced mechanical strength compared to the sample Z(3), which presented a more randomized orientation distribution with less distinguishable texture zones, enabling better strain accommodation and more uniform plastic deformation, which correlates with its higher tensile and yield strength.