Chitosan modified by kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose: Rheological behavior and properties of convened biopolymer films

Nguyen, Hau Trung; Sionkowska, Alina; Lewandowska, Katarzyna; Brudzyńska, Patrycja; Szulc, Marta; Saha, Nabanita; Sáha, Tomáš; Sáha, Petr

dc.title	Chitosan modified by kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose: Rheological behavior and properties of convened biopolymer films	en
dc.contributor.author	Nguyen, Hau Trung
dc.contributor.author	Sionkowska, Alina
dc.contributor.author	Lewandowska, Katarzyna
dc.contributor.author	Brudzyńska, Patrycja
dc.contributor.author	Szulc, Marta
dc.contributor.author	Saha, Nabanita
dc.contributor.author	Sáha, Tomáš
dc.contributor.author	Sáha, Petr
dc.relation.ispartof	Polymers
dc.identifier.issn	2073-4360 Scopus Sources, Sherpa/RoMEO, JCR
dc.date.issued	2022
utb.relation.volume	14
utb.relation.issue	21
dc.type	article
dc.language.iso	en
dc.publisher	MDPI
dc.identifier.doi	10.3390/polym14214572
dc.relation.uri	https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/21/4572
dc.relation.uri	https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/14/21/4572/pdf?version=1666948657
dc.subject	kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose	en
dc.subject	bacterial cellulose	en
dc.subject	chitosan	en
dc.subject	rheological properties	en
dc.subject	viscosity	en
dc.subject	biocomposite	en
dc.subject	film	en
dc.description.abstract	This work investigates the rheological behavior and characteristics of solutions and convened biopolymer films from Chitosan (Chi) modified by kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose (KBC). The Arrhenius equation and the Ostwald de Waele model (power-law) revealed that the Chi/KBC solutions exhibited non-Newtonian behavior. Both temperature and KBC concentration strongly affected their solution viscosity. With the selection of a proper solvent for chitosan solubilization, it may be possible to improve the performances of chitosan films for specific applications. The elasticity of the prepared films containing KBC 10% w/w was preferable when compared to the controls. FTIR analysis has confirmed the presence of bacterial cellulose, chitosan acetate, and chitosan lactate as the corresponding components in the produced biopolymer films. The thermal behaviors of the Chi (lactic acid)/KBC samples showed slightly higher stability than Chi (acetic acid)/KBC. Generally, these results will be helpful in the preparation processes of the solutions and biopolymer films of Chi dissolved in acetic or lactic acid modified by KBC powder to fabricate food packaging, scaffolds, and bioprinting inks, or products related to injection or direct extrusion through a needle.	en
utb.faculty	University Institute
utb.faculty	University Institute
utb.faculty	Faculty of Technology
dc.identifier.uri	http://hdl.handle.net/10563/1011265
utb.identifier.obdid	43884123
utb.identifier.scopus	2-s2.0-85141827824
utb.identifier.wok	000881524600001
utb.identifier.pubmed	36365566
utb.source	j-scopus
dc.date.accessioned	2023-01-06T08:04:00Z
dc.date.available	2023-01-06T08:04:00Z
dc.description.sponsorship	FRC/2022/2102, RP/CPS/2022/005; Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy, MŠMT; Univerzita Tomáše Bati ve Zlíně: IGA/CPS/2022/002
dc.description.sponsorship	Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic [DKRVO RP/CPS/2022/005, FRC/2022/2102]; Tomas Bata University [IGA/CPS/2022/002]
dc.rights	Attribution 4.0 International
dc.rights.uri	https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
dc.rights.access	openAccess
utb.ou	Centre of Polymer Systems
utb.ou	Footwear Research Centre
utb.contributor.internalauthor	Nguyen, Hau Trung
utb.contributor.internalauthor	Saha, Nabanita
utb.contributor.internalauthor	Sáha, Tomáš
utb.contributor.internalauthor	Sáha, Petr
utb.fulltext.affiliation	Hau Trung Nguyen 1,2, Alina Sionkowska 3,* https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1551-2725 , Katarzyna Lewandowska 3,* https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8380-4009 , Patrycja Brudzyńska 3, Marta Szulc 3, Nabanita Saha 1,4,5 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7549-2260 , Tomas Saha 4 and Petr Saha 1,4,5 1 Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic 2 Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City 727000, Vietnam 3 Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland 4 Footwear Research Centre, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nad Ovcirnou IV 3685, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic 5 Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavrečkova 275, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic * Correspondence: as@chem.umk.pl (A.S.); reol@umk.pl (K.L.)
utb.fulltext.dates	Received: 28 September 2022 Revised: 22 October 2022 Accepted: 25 October 2022 Published: 28 October 2022
utb.fulltext.references	1. Zhao, H.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, S.; Chai, S.N.; Wei, J.L.; Zhong, L.L.; He, Y.; Xue, J. Bacteriostatic activity and cytotoxicity of bacterial cellulose-chitosan film loaded with in-situ synthesized silver nanoparticles. Carbohydr. Polym. 2022, 281, 11907. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 2. Kim, S. Competitive Biological Activities of Chitosan and Its Derivatives: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Anticancer, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities. Int. J. Polym. Sci. 2018, 2018, 1708172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 3. Phatchayawat, P.P.; Khamkeaw, A.; Yodmuang, S.; Phisalaphong, M. 3D bacterial cellulose-chitosan-alginate-gelatin hydrogel scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering. Biochem. Eng. J. 2022, 184, 108476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 4. Liu, X.; Xu, Y.; Guo, C.; Zhang, C.; Liu, S.; Gao, J.; Lin, G.; Yang, H.; Xia, W. Effect of chitosan grafting oxidized bacterial cellulose on dispersion stability and modulability of biodegradable films. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022, 204, 510–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 5. Ashrafi, A.; Jokar, M.; Nafchi, A.M. Preparation and characterization of biocomposite film based on chitosan and kombucha tea as active food packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 108, 444–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 6. Chen, X.; Cui, J.; Xu, X.R.; Sun, B.J.; Zhang, L.; Dong, W.; Chen, C.; Sun, D. Bacterial cellulose/attapulgite magnetic composites as an efficient adsorbent for heavy metal ions and dye treatment. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 229, 115512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 7. Li, D.W.; Tian, X.J.; Wang, Z.Q.; Guan, Z.; Li, X.Q.; Qiao, H.; Ke, Z.; Luo, L.; Wi, Q. Multifunctional adsorbent based on metal-organic framework modified bacterial cellulose/chitosan composite aerogel for high efficient removal of heavy metal ion and organic pollutant. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 383, 123127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 8. Lin, W.C.; Lien, C.C.; Yeh, H.J.; Yu, C.M.; Hsu, S.H. Bacterial cellulose and bacterial cellulose-chitosan membranes for wound dressing applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 94, 603–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 9. Siqueira, G.; Bras, J.; Follain, N.; Belbekhouche, S.; Marais, S.; Dufresne, A. Thermal and mechanical properties of bio-nanocomposites reinforced by Luffa cylindrica cellulose nanocrystals. Carbohydr. Polym. 2013, 91, 711–717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 10. Amorim, L.F.A.; Mouro, C.; Riool, M.; Gouveia, I.C. Antimicrobial Food Packaging Based on Prodigiosin-Incorporated Double-Layered Bacterial Cellulose and Chitosan Composites. Polymers 2022, 14, 315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 11. Hosseini, S.F.; Rezaei, M.; Zandi, M.; Ghavi, F.F. Preparation and functional properties of fish gelatin-chitosan blend edible films. Food Chem. 2013, 136, 1490–1495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 12. Pavoni, J.M.F.; Luchese, C.L.; Tessaro, I.C. Impact of acid type for chitosan dissolution on the characteristics and biodegradability of cornstarch/chitosan based films. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 138, 693–703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 13. Qiao, C.D.; Ma, X.G.; Wang, X.J.; Liu, L.B. Structure and properties of chitosan films: Effect of the type of solvent acid. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2021, 135, 109984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 14. Shrivastav, P.; Pramanik, S.; Vaidya, G.; Abdelgawad, M.A.; Ghoneim, M.M.; Singh, A.; Abualsoud, B.M.; Amaral, L.S.; Abourehab, M.A.S. Bacterial cellulose as a potential biopolymer in biomedical applications: A state-of-the-art review. J. Mater. Chem. B 2022, 10, 3199–3241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 15. Roman, M.; Haring, A.P.; Bertucio, T.J. The growing merits and dwindling limitations of bacterial cellulose-based tissue engineering scaffolds. Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng. 2019, 24, 98–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 16. Villarreal-Soto, S.A.; Beaufort, S.; Bouajila, J.; Souchard, J.P.; Taillandier, P. Understanding Kombucha Tea Fermentation: A Review. J. Food Sci. 2018, 83, 580–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 17. Jang, W.D.; Hwang, J.H.; Kim, H.U.; Ryu, J.Y.; Lee, S.Y. Bacterial cellulose as an example product for sustainable production and consumption. Microb. Biotechnol. 2017, 10, 1181–1185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 18. Andriani, D.; Apriyana, A.Y.; Karina, M. The optimization of bacterial cellulose production and its applications: A review. Cellulose 2020, 27, 6747–6766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 19. Coseri, S. Insights on Cellulose Research in the Last Two Decades in Romania. Polymers 2021, 13, 689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 20. Dutta, S.D.; Patel, D.K.; Lim, K.T. Functional cellulose-based hydrogels as extracellular matrices for tissue engineering. J. Biol. Eng. 2019, 13, 55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 21. Wang, J.; Tavakoli, J.; Tang, Y.H. Bacterial cellulose production, properties and applications with different culture methods—A review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 219, 63–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 22. Halib, N.; Ahmad, I.; Grassi, M.; Grassi, G. The remarkable three-dimensional network structure of bacterial cellulose for tissue engineering applications. Int. J. Pharm. 2019, 566, 631–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 23. Wang, B.; Lin, F.; Li, X.; Ji, X.; Liu, S.; Han, X.; Yuah, Z.; Luo, J. Transcrystallization of isotactic polypropylene/bacterial cellulose hamburger composite. Polymers 2019, 11, 508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 24. Ullah, M.W.; Ul-Islam, M.; Khana, S.; Kim, Y.; Park, J.K. Innovative production of bio-cellulose using a cell-free system derived from a single cell line. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 132, 286–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 25. Augimeri, R.V.; Varley, A.J.; Strap, J.L. Establishing a Role for Bacterial Cellulose in Environmental Interactions: Lessons Learned from Diverse Biofilm-Producing Proteobacteria. Front. Microbiol. 2015, 6, 1282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 26. Kim, Y.; Ullah, M.W.; Ul-Islam, M.; Khan, S.; Jang, J.H.; Park, J.K. Self-assembly of bio-cellulose nanofibrils through intermediate phase in a cell-free enzyme system. Biochem. Eng. J. 2019, 142, 135–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 27. Hestrin, S.; Schramm, M. Synthesis of cellulose by Acetobacter xylinum. 2. Preparation of freeze-dried cells capable of polymerizing glucose to cellulose. Biochem. J. 1954, 58, 345–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 28. Bandyopadhyay, S.; Saha, N.; Zandraa, O.; Pummerova, M.; Saha, P. Essential Oil Based PVP-CMC-BC-GG Functional Hydrogel Sachet for ‘Cheese’: Its Shelf Life Confirmed with Anthocyanin (Isolated from Red Cabbage) Bio Stickers. Foods 2020, 9, 307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 29. Hussain, Z.; Sajjad, W.; Khan, T.; Wahid, F. Production of bacterial cellulose from industrial wastes: A review. Cellulose 2019, 26, 2895–2911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 30. Ul-Islam, M.; Ullah, M.W.; Khan, S.; Park, J.K. Production of bacterial cellulose from alternative cheap and waste resources: A step for cost reduction with positive environmental aspects. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2020, 37, 925–937. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 31. Jozala, A.F.; Pertile, R.A.N.; dos Santos, C.A.; Santos-Ebinuma, V.D.; Seckler, M.M.; Gama, F.M.; Pessoa, A., Jr. Bacterial cellulose production by Gluconacetobacter xylinus by employing alternative culture media. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 99, 1181–1190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 32. Rastogi, A.; Banerjee, R. Statistical optimization of bacterial cellulose production by Leifsonia soli and its physico-chemical characterization. Process Biochem. 2020, 91, 297–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 33. Rodrigues, A.C.; Fontao, A.I.; Coelho, A.; Leal, M.; da Silva, F.; Wan, Y.Z.; Dourado, F.; Gama, M. Response surface statistical optimization of bacterial nanocellulose fermentation in static culture using a low-cost medium. New Biotechnol. 2019, 49, 19–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 34. Barshan, S.; Rezazadeh-Bari, M.; Almasi, H.; Amiri, S. Optimization and characterization of bacterial cellulose produced by Komagatacibacter xylinus PTCC 1734 using vinasse as a cheap cultivation medium. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 136, 1188–1195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 35. Sperotto, G.; Stasiak, L.G.; Godoi, J.; Gabiatti, N.C.; De Souza, S.S. A review of culture media for bacterial cellulose production: Complex, chemically defined and minimal media modulations. Cellulose 2021, 28, 2649–2673. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 36. Jahan, F.; Kumar, V.; Saxena, R.K. Distillery effluent as a potential medium for bacterial cellulose production: A biopolymer of great commercial importance. Bioresour. Technol. 2018, 250, 922–926. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 37. Coelho, R.M.D.; e Almeida, A.L.; do Amaral, R.Q.G.; da Mota, R.N.; de Sousa, P.H.M. Kombucha: Review. Int. J. Gastron. Food Sci. 2020, 22, 100272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 38. Nguyen, H.T.; Saha, N.; Ngwabebhoh, F.A.; Zandraa, O.; Saha, T.; Saha, P. Kombucha-derived bacterial cellulose from diverse wastes: A prudent leather alternative. Cellulose 2021, 28, 9335–9353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 39. Villarreal-Soto, S.A.; Bouajila, J.; Beaufort, S.; Bonneaud, D.; Souchard, J.P.; Taillandier, P. Physicochemical properties of bacterial cellulose obtained from different Kombucha fermentation conditions. J. Vinyl Addit. Technol. 2021, 27, 183–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 40. Leonarski, E.; Cesca, K.; Borges, O.M.A.; de Oliveira, D.; Poletto, P. Typical kombucha fermentation: Kinetic evaluation of beverage and morphological characterization of bacterial cellulose. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2021, 45, e16100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 41. Stumpf, T.R.; Yang, X.Y.; Zhang, J.C.; Cao, X.D. In situ and ex situ modifications of bacterial cellulose for applications in tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2018, 82, 372–383. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 42. Hu, W.L.; Chen, S.Y.; Yang, J.X.; Li, Z.; Wang, H.P. Functionalized bacterial cellulose derivatives and nanocomposites. Carbohydr. Polym. 2014, 101, 1043–1060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 43. Liang, J.; Wang, R.; Chen, R.P. The Impact of Cross-linking Mode on the Physical and Antimicrobial Properties of a Chitosan/Bacterial Cellulose Composite. Polymers 2019, 11, 491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 44. Liu, X.; Wang, Y.; Cheng, Z.; Sheng, J.; Yang, R.D. Nano-sized fibrils dispersed from bacterial cellulose grafted with chitosan. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 214, 311–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 45. Kim, H.J.; Jin, J.N.; Kan, E.; Kim, K.J.; Lee, S.H. Bacterial Cellulose-chitosan Composite Hydrogel Beads for Enzyme Immobilization. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 2017, 22, 89–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 46. Indriyati; Dara, F.; Primadona, I.; Srikandace, Y.; Karina, M. Development of bacterial cellulose/chitosan films: Structural, physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. J. Polym. Res. 2021, 28, 70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 47. Cacicedo, M.L.; Pacheco, G.; Islan, G.A.; Alvarez, V.A.; Barud, H.S.; Castro, G.R. Chitosan-bacterial cellulose patch of ciprofloxacin for wound dressing: Preparation and characterization studies. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 147, 1136–1145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 48. Khattak, S.; Qin, X.T.; Huang, L.H.; Xie, Y.Y.; Jia, S.R.; Zhong, C. Preparation and characterization of antibacterial bacterial cellulose/chitosan hydrogels impregnated with silver sulfadiazine. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 189, 483–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 49. Zmejkoski, D.Z.; Zdravkovic, N.M.; Trisic, D.D.; Budimir, M.D.; Markovic, Z.M.; Kozyrovska, N.O.; Markovic, B.M.T. Chronic wound dressings-Pathogenic bacteria anti-biofilm treatment with bacterial cellulose-chitosan polymer or bacterial cellulose-chitosan dots composite hydrogels. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 191, 315–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 50. Kai, J.; Zhou, X.S. Preparation, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Zinc Oxide-Bacterial Cellulose-Chitosan Hydrogels for Antibacterial Dressing. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2020, 221, 2000257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 51. Stanescu, P.O.; Radu, I.C.; Alexa, R.L.; Hudita, A.; Tanasa, E.; Ghitman, J.; Stoian, O.; Tsatsakis, A.; Ginghina, O.; Zaharia, C.; et al. Novel chitosan and bacterial cellulose biocomposites tailored with polymeric nanoparticles for modern wound dressing development. Drug Deliv. 2021, 28, 1932–1950. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 52. Ju, S.Y.; Zhang, F.L.; Duan, J.F.; Jiang, J.X. Characterization of bacterial cellulose composite films incorporated with bulk chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles: A comparative study. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 237, 116167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 53. Silva-Weiss, A.; Bifani, V.; Ihl, M.; Sobral, P.J.A.; Gomez-Guillen, M.C. Structural properties of films and rheology of film-forming solutions based on chitosan and chitosan-starch blend enriched with murta leaf extract. Food Hydrocoll. 2013, 31, 458–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 54. Lipovka, A.; Kharchenko, A.; Dubovoy, A.; Filipenko, M.; Stupak, V.; Mayorov, A.; Fomenko, V.; Geydt, P.; Parshin, D. The effect of adding modified chitosan on the strength properties of bacterial cellulose for clinical applications. Polymers 2021, 13, 1995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 55. Fischer, P.; Windhab, E.J. Rheology of food materials. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 2011, 16, 36–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 56. Kalyani, P.; Khandelwal, M. Modulation of morphology, water uptake/retention, and rheological properties by in-situ modification of bacterial cellulose with the addition of biopolymers. Cellulose 2021, 28, 11025–11036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 57. Song, S.; Liu, X.Y.; Ding, L.; Abubaker, M.A.; Zhang, J.; Huang, Y.L.; Yang, S.; Fan, Z. Conformational and rheological properties of bacterial cellulose sulfate. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 183, 2326–2336. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 58. Lakehal, I.; Montembault, A.; David, L.; Perrier, A.; Vibert, R.; Duclaux, L.; Reinert, L. Prilling and characterization of hydrogels and derived porous spheres from chitosan solutions with various organic acids. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 129, 68–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 59. de Souza Soares, L.; Perim, R.B.; de Alvarenga, E.S.; de Moura Guimarães, L.; de Carvalho Teixeira, A.V.N.; dos Reis Coimbra, J.S.; de Oliveira, E.B. Insights on physicochemical aspects of chitosan dispersion in aqueous solutions of acetic, glycolic, propionic or lactic acid. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 128, 140–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 60. Kjm, K.M.; Son, J.H.; Kim, S.K.; Weller, C.L.; Hanna, M.A. Properties of chitosan films as a function of pH and solvent type. J. Food Sci. 2006, 71, E119–E124. [Google Scholar] 61. Nguyen, H.T.; Ngwabebhoh, F.A.; Saha, N.; Zandraa, O.; Saha, T.; Saha, P. Development of novel biocomposites based on the clean production of microbial cellulose from dairy waste (sour whey). J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2022, 139, 51433. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 62. ASTM. Standard test method for tensile properties of thin plastic sheeting. In Standard D882 Annual Book of American Standard Testing Methods; American Society for Testing and Materials: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2001; pp. 162–170. [Google Scholar] 63. Velásquez-Cock, J.; Ramírez, E.; Betancourt, S.; Putaux, J.-L.; Osorio, M.; Castro, C.; Gañán, P.; Zuluaga, R. Influence of the acid type in the production of chitosan films reinforced with bacterial nanocellulose. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2014, 69, 208–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] 64. Xu, Y.X.; Liu, X.L.; Jiang, Q.X.; Yu, D.W.; Xu, Y.S.; Wang, B.; Xia, W. Development and properties of bacterial cellulose, curcumin, and chitosan composite biodegradable films for active packaging materials. Carbohydr. Polym. 2021, 260, 117778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
utb.fulltext.sponsorship	This work is supported by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic (DKRVO RP/CPS/2022/005) and (FRC/2022/2102). This work is also supported by the Tomas Bata University internal project grant IGA/CPS/2022/002.
utb.wos.affiliation	[Hau Trung Nguyen; Saha, Nabanita; Saha, Petr] Tomas Bata Univ Zlin, Univ Inst, Ctr Polymer Syst, Tr T Bati 5678, Zlin 76001, Czech Republic; [Hau Trung Nguyen] Ind Univ Ho Chi Minh City, Inst Biotechnol & Food Technol, 12 Nguyen Van Bao,Ward 4, Ho Chi Minh City 727000, Vietnam; [Sionkowska, Alina; Lewandowska, Katarzyna; Brudzynska, Patrycja; Szulc, Marta] Nicolaus Copernicus Univ Torun, Fac Chem, Dept Biomat & Cosmet Chem, Gagarina 7, PL-87100 Torun, Poland; [Saha, Nabanita; Saha, Tomas; Saha, Petr] Tomas Bata Univ Zlin, Univ Inst, Footwear Res Ctr, Nad Ovcirnou 4 3685, Zlin 76001, Czech Republic; [Saha, Nabanita; Saha, Petr] Tomas Bata Univ Zlin, Fac Technol, Vavreckova 275, Zlin 76001, Czech Republic
utb.scopus.affiliation	Centre of Polymer Systems, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Tr. T. Bati 5678, Zlin, 76001, Czech Republic; Institute of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, 727000, Viet Nam; Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetics Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina 7, Toruń, 87-100, Poland; Footwear Research Centre, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Nad Ovcirnou IV 3685, Zlin, 76001, Czech Republic; Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavrečkova 275, Zlin, 76001, Czech Republic
utb.fulltext.projects	RP/CPS/2022/005
utb.fulltext.projects	FRC/2022/2102
utb.fulltext.projects	IGA/CPS/2022/002
utb.fulltext.faculty	University Institute
utb.fulltext.faculty	University Institute
utb.fulltext.faculty	Faculty of Technology
utb.fulltext.ou	Centre of Polymer Systems
utb.fulltext.ou	Footwear Research Centre